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PAST AND ONGOING PROJECTS: FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 

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DFG Germany funding for Grant Transaction Number: 20160901124780191204:

Animal African Trypanosomiasis in humans; an emerging zoonosis? Jan 2018 to June 2022.  

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Sørge Kelm, UB, Bremen, Germany

Thaddeus T Gbem, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria

Mbunkah Daniel Achukwi, TOZARD, PO Box 59 Bambili-Tubah Bamenda, Cameroon

Hassane Mahamat H., IRED, N’Djamena, Chad

Kingsley Badu, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana

 

Evidence for T. congolese DNA in humans: 

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Blood samples were collected from cattle and humans living in DoDeo and neighbouring settlements near the border to Nigeria and analysed for presence of trypanosomal DNA using generic primers hybridising to the ITS-1 region. Surprisingly, from 20 out of 140 human samples collected in two of these villages, PCR products with a size corresponding to T. congolense were obtained. Sequencing of the PCR confirmed that these DNA fragments were very similar, but not identical, (90-95%) to the sequence of T. congolense savannah.

These unexpected observations suggested that humans living in that area are more than usual exposed to T. congolense. Since we had found that all trans-sialidases from T. Congolese (TconTSx) are expressed by the blood stream parasites in goat, we tested sera from humans living in that region for anti-TconTS antibodies using a sandwich-ELISA and recombinant TconTS1, TconTS2, TconTS3 and TconTS4 as antigen. Indeed, several samples had apparently high anti-TconTS levels. At the moment, we have not assayed specifically for IgM or IgG. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between a fresh or previous immune response. Although the numbers are too small for statistically sound analysis, we have the impression that the prevalence is particularly high in those villages, where we observed the T. congolense DNA in humans. In summary, our data suggest that in this remote area a variant of T. congolense is able to survive longer in humans than expected. Obviously, this is characteristic for a strain, which is ready to adapt to humans as a new host, a zoonotic parasite.

 

Objectives:  

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Our preliminary data described above support the hypothesis that, in the DoDeo area of Cameroon, T. congolense-like species are circulating in humans. The reports of atypical human trypanosomiasis in other parts of Africa and Asia underscores the importance to investigate the processes leading to adaptation in humans. Zoonotic trypanosomiasis has not been studied in Africa beyond a few case reports, including Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire. The overall aim of the project is to understand the processes leading to adaptation of animal pathogenic trypanosomes in humans. In accordance with this aim, the following four aspects will be addressed in the first two years: 

- Identification and characterisation of a potential zoonotic trypanosome in DoDeo region, 

The impact of the presence of zoonotic trypanosomes on human health, 

The occurrence of potentially zoonotic trypanosomes in an active HAT location, 

The occurrence of potentially zoonotic parasites in an area, where no recent HAT cases have been reported.

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Molecular detection of Rickettsia africae in ticks from Cameroon 

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Andrea Vanegas, Christian Keller, Andreas Krüger, Tanyi K. Manchang, Ralf M. Hagen, Hagen Frickmann, Alexandra Veit, Mbunkah D. Achukwi*, Jürgen Krücken, Sven Poppert. Molecular detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from Cameroon. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 2018, 9(4): 1049-1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.03.022. 
 

*TOZARD PO Box 59 Bambili-Bamenda Cameroon

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Introduction

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Tick-borne rickettsioses are emerging zoonotic infections in many African countries.  R.  africae  is  the  most  frequent  rickettsial  species  with  human  pathogenic  potential  in  Africa.  It belongs to the group of spotted fever group rickettsiae and transmission is caused by Amblyomma ticks. Human pathogens of the order Rickettsiales have been detected in blood samples of patients with  acute  febrile  illness  and  ticks  samples  in  the  South  of  Cameroon.  Serological  studies  carried out  in  humans  from  different  areas  in  Cameroon  have  demonstrated  previous  infections  with Rickettsia spp. However, the geographical distribution and the prevalence of R. africae in their tick vectors from the North region of Cameroon are unknown. 

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Materials and Methods

 

Tick samples were collected from cattle in the central slaughterhouse in Ngaoundere Adamawa region, Cameroon.  47,1%  of  adult  ticks  were  identified  as  Amblyomma variegatum,  which  is  a  known  vector  that  can  transmit  rickettsiae  to  humans  on  the  African continent.  Riphicephalus  spp.,  Hyalomma  spp.  and Boophilus  spp.  were also  identified.  The presence of rickettsial DNA was investigated in Ambylomma variegatum ticks using both real-time and conventional PCR assays for the rickettsial ompB gene. 

 

Results and Discussion: 

 

From  149  Amblyomma  variegatum  ticks  tested,  85  (57  %)  were  positive  for  rickettsial DNA.  OmpB  sequencing  showed  a  high  degree  of  conservation  and  homology  with  deposited sequences of R. africae, which were previously detected in ticks from other regions of Cameroon. R.  africae  are  presented  in  Ambylomma  ticks  from  the  Adamawa, Cameroon. Ambylomma variegatum is a potential vector of spotted fevers in Cameroon. R. africae should be considered by physicians in patients with febrile illness and typical skin rashes. 

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Cattle ticks in Cameroon: is Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus absent in Cameroon and the Central African region?​ 

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Awa DN1, Adakal H2, Luogbou ND3, Wachong KH3, Leinyuy I3, Achukwi MD1.

Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015 Mar;6(2):117-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.10.005. Epub 2015 Jan 7

  • 1IRAD, Bambui, PO Box 51, Bamenda, Cameroon. (Now at TOZARD PO Box 59 Bambili-Bamenda Cameroon.

  • 2CIRDES, Unité de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la lutte Intégrée (URBIO), 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.

 

Introduction:

 

In most parts of the world, ticks are rapidly developing resistance to commonly used acaricides thus rendering control difficult. This constraint is further compounded by the introduction of new species in areas where they did not exist before. Such is the case with the introduction into and rapid spread of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in some countries of West Africa. With the looming threat of its further spread in the region, the objective of the present study was to update knowledge on cattle ticks in Cameroon. 

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Results and Discussions:

 

Among 19,189 ticks collected monthly from 60 animals in 5 herds from March 2012 to February 2013, Rh. (B.) decoloratus was the most abundant species with a relative prevalence of 62.2%, followed by Amblyomma variegatum (28.4%), Rh. (B.) annulatus (0.2%), Rh. (B.) geigyi (0.03%), other Rhipicephalus spp. (8.4%) and Hyalomma spp. (0.3%). Rh. (B.) decoloratus and A. variegatum were also the most widely distributed in space. Infestation rate was generally high, with average tick count/animal of about 80 during peak periods. Tick distribution and abundance in the different sites was as varied as the underlying factors, among which the most important were management systems and climatic factors. The effects of rainfall and temperature were confounded by other factors and difficult to evaluate. However, it appears tick development depends among other factors, on a humidity threshold, above which there is not much more effect. Rh. microplus was not found during this study, but more extensive tick collections have to be done to confirm this.

 

In conclusion, cattle tick infestation in Cameroon remains an important cause for concern. Farmers need assistance in the use and management of acaricides in order to increase their efficiency and reduce the development of resistance. Although Rh. microplus was not found, its introduction from other West African countries is imminent if adequate measures, especially in the control and limitation of animal movements, are not taken. Rh. Microplus has been reported in Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Benin etc.

Molecular identification of trypanosomes circulating in tsetse flies, cattle and man in Cameroon

 

Field investigation aimed at collecting samples for molecular identification of Trypanosome and other zoonotic infections in man and animals: TOZARD researchers and collaborators from university of Bremen, Germany in a joint mission in Do-Deo, Adamawa Region of Cameroon. The remoteness of this rural area necessitated the hiring of motor bikes for the field trip. Note Security from armed forces provided by Cameroon Government

Full mitochondrial and nuclear genome comparison confirms that Onchocerca sp. “Siisa” is Onchocerca ochengi . 

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Tegegn G. Jaleta, Christian Rödelsperger, Babette Abanda, Albert Eisenbarth, Mbunkah D. Achukwi, Alfons Renz, Adrian Streit. 2018. Parasitology Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-5783-

 

Received: 23 November 2017 /Accepted: 23 January 2018

The Author(s) 2018. This article is an open access publication

 

Onchocerca ochengi is a nodule-forming filarial nematode parasite of cattle. It is the closest known relative of the human parasite  Onchocerca volvulus, with which it shares the black fly vector Simulium damnosum. Onchocerca sp. “Siisa” was described in black flies and in cattle and based on limited mitochondrial sequence information, appeared to be about equally phylogenetically distant from O. ochengi and O. volvulus. Based on molecular genetic markers and apparent interbreeding, we later proposed that  O.sp. “Siisa” belongs to the species  O. ochengi. However, we did not demonstrate directly that the hybrids were fertile, and we were still unable to resolve the phylogenetic relationship of O. ochengi, O.sp. “Siisa,” and O. volvulus, leaving some concern with the conclusion mentioned above. Here, we present fully assembled, manually curated mitochondrial genomes of O. ochengi and O. sp. “Siisa,” and we compare multiple individuals of these two taxa with respect to their whole mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Based on the mitochondrial genomes, O. ochengi and O.sp. “Siisa” are phylogenetically much closer to each other than to O. volvulus . The differences between them are well within the range of what is expected for within-species variation. The nuclear genome comparison provided no indication of genetic separation of  O. ochengi and O. sp. “Siisa.” From this, in combination with the earlier literature, we conclude that O. ochengi and O.sp. “Siisa” should be considered one species.

 

 Keywords: Onchocerca ochengi, Onchocerca sp. “Siisa”, Mitochondrial, genome,  Filarial nematode.  

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DFG German grant: Can onchocerciasis be eliminated? Epidemiological, entomological and parasitological studies in a bovine model in Cameroon. 


Principal investigator:  Alfons Renz, University of Tubingen, Germany
Date: Jan 2013-July 2017
Place: Cameroon and Germany
Institution(s): Veterinary Research lab, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Cameroon. In partnership with two German Universities and Max Plank institute in Tuebingen, and TOZARD, P.O;Box 59 Bambili-Tubah, Bamenda, Cameroon.
Country Principal investigator: Achukwi Mbunkah Daniel.


Description: 
 

Our research is focused on a bovine filaria, Onchocerca ochengi, which is highly endemic in cattle in Cameroon and transmitted by the same vector fly, Simulium damnosum, as the human parasite, Onchocerca volvulus. We use it as an excellent model for studying the biology, epizootiology, immunology and molecular biology of Onchocerca-parasites. The study area in the Adamaoua highland is located in the centre of a cattle-breeding area, which produces meat for most of Central Africa, where cattle cannot be kept because of animal trypanosomosis. 

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A herd of cattle for the project "Can onchocerciasis be eliminated? Epidemiological, entomological and parasitological studies in a bovine model in Cameroon". The director of TOZARD in green field dress collecting samples.

Black marks on the skin of animal indicate palpable Onchocerca ochengi which we use in the project.

DFG German grant: Analysis of host-parasite cross-talk on the bovine model for human onchocerciasis, O. ochengi.  


Principal investigator: Prof.  Eva  Liebau, University of Munster, Germany.  
Date: Dec 2009 to Jan 2012
Place: Ngaoundere - Cameroon and Germany
Institution(s): Veterinary Research lab, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Cameroon. In partnership with four German Universities. 
Country Principal investigator: Achukwi Mbunkah Daniel 


Description: 

 

Focused on molecular aspects of parasite-host interactions, the first task of this  DFG-project was to strengthen this collaboration and to provide baseline data in the bovine model (biology and immunology). We produced the ESPs of various stages of the parasites, urgently needed for further investigations of the colleagues in Hamburg and Münster. ESPs were also analysed in BNI Hamburg. 

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PUBLICATIONS BY SOME TOZARD MEMBERS

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Book Publication: 

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1) Vincent N. TANYA, Samuel WANJI, Joseph KAMGNO, Daniel M. ACHUKWI, Peter Ayuk Ivo ENYONG (2012). Recent Advances in Onchocerciasis Research and Implications for Control.  Cameroon Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yaoundé, Cameroon. International Standard Book Number 9956-26-38-x

 

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Selected scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals: 

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2) Abdoulmoumini Mamoudou; Alexandre Njanloga; Aliyou Hayatou,Pierre Fongoh Suh; Animal trypanosomosis in clinically healthy cattle of north Cameroon: epidemiological implications. Parasites & Vectors. 9:206 (2016) 9:206 :DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1498-1.

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3) Eisenbarth A, Mbunkah Daniel Achukwi, Alfons Renz (2016). Ongoing Transmission of Onchocerca volvulus after 25 Years of Annual Ivermectin Mass Treatments in the Vina du Nord River Valley, in North Cameroon published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004392 

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4) Bayemi P. H., Mah G. D., Ndamukong K., Nsongka V. M., Leinyuy I.,Unger H., Ndoumbe N. M., Webb E. C., Achukwi M.D., Hakoue F., Luogbou  N. D. (2015). Bovine Brucellosis in Cattle Production Systems in the Western Highlands of Cameroon. International Journal of Animal Biology, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2015, pp. 38-44. 

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5) Awa DN, Adakal H, Luogbou ND, Wachong KH, Leinyuy I, Achukwi MD. (2015). Cattle ticks in Cameroon: is Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus absent in Cameroon and the Central African region? Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 6(2):117-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.10.005. 

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6) Eberle R, Brattig N, Trusch M, Schlüter H, Achukwi MD, Eisenbarth A, Renz A, Liebau E, Perbandt M, Betzel C (2014). Isolation, identification and functional profile of excretory-secretory peptides from Onchocerca ochengi. Acta Tropica. S0001-706X(14)00384-2. doi: 10.1016/j. 

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7). Manchang T K, Ajonina-Ekoti I ,  Ndjonka D,  Eisenbarth A,  Achukwi M D, Renz A,  Brattig N W,  Liebau E, Breloer M  ( 2014). Immune recognition of Onchocerca volvulus proteins in the human host and animal models of onchocerciasis.  Journal of Helminthology, page 1 of 12;  doi:10.1017/S0022149X14000224 

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8) Albert Eisenbarth, David Ekale, Julia Hildebrandt, Mbunkah Daniel Achukwi, Adrian Streit, Alfons Renz. (2013) Molecular evidence of 'Siisa form', a new genotype related to Onchocerca ochengi in cattle from North Cameroon.Acta Trop 2013 Sep 29;127(3):261-5. Epub 2013 May 29. 

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9). D. Ndjonka, E.D. Abladam, B. Djafsia, I. Ajonina-Ekoti, M.D. Achukwi and E. Liebau. (2013) Anthelmintic activity of phenolic acids from the axlewood tree Anogeissus leiocarpus on the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi and drug-resistant strains of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Helminthology, (p1-8) issn = {1475-2697},  available on CJO2013. doi:10.1017/S0022149X1300045X. 

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10) Irene Ajonina-Ekoti, Marc Andre Kurosinski, Abuelhassan ElshazlyYounis, DieudonneNdjonka,

ManchangKingsleyTanyi, Mbunkah Daniel Achukwi, Albert Eisenbarth, Caroline Ajonina, Kai Lüersen, Minka Breloer, Norbert W Brattig, Eva Liebau (2013). Comparative analysis of macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIFs) from the parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus and the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.  Parasitol Res. DOI 10.1007/s00436-013-3513-1 

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11) Ndjonka D., Agyare C., Lüersen K., Djafsia1 B., Achukwi M.D., Nukenine E.N., Hensel A. and Liebau E. (2010). In vitro activity of Cameroonian and Ghanaian medicinal plants on parasitic (Onchocerca ochengi) and free-living (Caenorhabditis elegans) nematodes. Cambridge University Press. Journal of Helminthology, page 1- 9. 

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12) Achukwi M.D., W. Harnett, P. Enyong and A. Renz (2007). Successful vaccination against Onchocerca ochengi infestation in cattle using live Onchocerca volvulus infective larvae. Parasite Immunology,Vol. 29 (3): p113-116. 

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13) Achukwi, M.D. Harnett, W., Bradley, J., Renz, A.  (2004) Onchocerca ochengi acquisition in zebu Gudali cattle exposed to natural transmission: parasite population dynamics and IgG antibody subclass responses to Ov10/Ov11 recombinant antigens. Veterinary Parasitology 122:35-49. 

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14)  Fodjo Tatou, C.R.; Titanji, V.P.K.;Achukwi, M.D. et Muluh, J.P. (2003) Extraction et caracterisation de la pyruvate kinase de Onchocerca ochengi et du tissu nodulaire bovin. Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Sciences. Vol.3. (1) 17-24. 

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15) Achukwi, M.D.; Harnett, W.; Bradley, J. & Renz, A.; (2002).  Heterogeneity in Onchocerca ochengi antigen recognition by IgG2 antibodies in cattle with two distinct infestation patterns. Journal of the Cameroon academy of Science.  Vol. 2. Supplement, 243-250. 

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16)  Achukwi, M.D.; Musongong, G.A., Chah K.F. (2001). Prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in the Ngaoundere Gudali cattle within the abattoir catchment area of Ngaoundere district, Adamawa Province, Cameroon. Bull. Trop. Anim. Hlth . Prod. Afri. 49:.254-258.

 

17) Klager, S.L.; Watson, A.; Achukwi, M.D.; Hultmark and Hagen H.E. (2002).  Humoral immune response of Simulium damnosum s.l. following filarial and bacterial infections.  Parasitology 125, 339-366. 

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18)  Achukwi M.D.,Harnett W., Renz A. (2000). Onchocerca ochengi transmission dynamics and the correlation of O.ochengi microfilaria density in cattle with the transmission potential. Veterinary Research. 31: 611-621. 

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19) Cross, H.F.; Bronsvoort, B.M.; Wahl G.; Renz, A.; Achukwi, M.D.; & Trees, A.J. (1997).  The entry of ivermectin and suramin into Onchocerca ochengi nodules.  Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. 91, No. 4, 393-401. 

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20) Renz A., Trees A.J., Achukwi M.D., Edwards G., Wahl G. (1995).  Evaluation of Suramin, Ivermectin & CGP 20376 in a new macrofilaricidal drug screen, Onchocerca ochengi in African Cattle. Trop. Med. Parasitl. Vol. 46 (1): 31- 37. 

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21)  Achukwi, M.D., Daiber, W.H., Renz, A., Wahl, G. & Wanji, S., 1994. Prepatency period and some aspects of the epizootiology of Onchocerca ochengi infestation in cattle in the Adamawa Plateau, Cameroon. Parasite 1, S, 10-12. 

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22) Achukwi, M. Daniel, Gillingwater, J. , Michel Njan Nloga, A. and Simo, G. (2013) Lack of evidence for sufficiently isolated populations of Glossina morsitans submorsitans on the Adamawa Plateau of Cameroon following geometric morphometric analysis. Advances in Entomology, 1, 1-7. 

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23) Vaessa S. de Paula, Matthias Wiele, Afegenwi H. M., Achukwi M.D., Manchang T.K, Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit. 2013. Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 strains in domestic pics, Cameroon.  Emerging infectious Diseases WWW.cdc.gov/eid-vol.19,N° 4, p666—668. 

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24) Cornelia Adlhoch, Marco Kaiser, Manchang TK, Norbert Georg Schwarz, Markus Ulrich, Vaessa S. de Paula, Anna Lowa, Achukwi M.D., Sven Poppert, Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit &  Heinz Ellerbrok  2013. Porcine Hokovirus in domestic pigs, Cameroon.  Emerging infectious Diseases WWW.cdc.gov/eid-vol.19,N° 12, p 2080—2082. 

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 25) Ebangi A.L., Achukwi MD, Messine O., Abba  D. (2011) Characterization of Doayo and Kapsiki taurines cattle breeds of Cameroon in their natural environment Tropical Animal Health and Production DOI 10.1007/s11250-011-9810-8 (Trop Anim Health Prod) 43:1117–1122. 

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26) Mpouam S. E., Achukwi M.D., Feussom Kameni J-M., Bengaly Z., Ouedraogo G.A. (2010). Serological and parasitological prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in small holder farms of the Vina division, Adamawa region of Cameroon. Veterinary Research 3 (4): 81-88. 

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27) Awa DN, Achukwi MD (2010). Livestock pathology in the central African region: some epidemiological considerations and control strategies. Anim Health Res Rev 2010 Jan 15:1-10. 

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28) BAH G.S., EBANGI A.L., NIBA E.S., MANCHANG T.K., MESSINE O.& ACHUKWI M.D. (2010). Reproductive status of cows slaughtered at the Ngaoundere, Municipal Slaughter House and factors responsible for potential losses in herd Productivity.  Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 4(4): 916-923. 

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29) Tanenbe C., Gambo H., Musongong A.G., Boris O., Achukwi M.D. (201O). Prévalence de la trypanosomose bovine dans les      départements du Faro et Déo, et de la Vina au Cameroun : bilan de vingt années de lutte contre les glossines Revue d’élevage et de médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 63 : (3-4), 53-55.

 

30) Achukwi MD, Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Musongong GA, Erhardt G. (2009). Doayo (Namchi) Bos taurus cattle with low zebu attributes are trypanotolerant under natural vector challenge, Online J Vet Res, 13 (1):94-105. 

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31) Achukwi MD & Musongong GA, (2009). Trypanosomosis in the Doayo/Namchi (Bos taurus) and zebu White Fulani (Bos indicus) cattle in Faro Division, North Cameroon. Journal of Applied Biosciences 15: 807 - 814. 

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32) Ngakou, A, Mahan, S. M. & Achukwi, M.D. (2006).  Molecular characterisation of a HW 19 Cowdria

ruminantium DNA fragment for development of serological assays against heart water. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 5(11): 990-994. 

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33) Achukwi, M.D., Berthier, D., Chantal, I., Maillard, J.C. (2006). Six new BoLA-DQB alleles sequenced from Doayo/Namchi (Bos taurus) and Akou/ White Fulani (Bos indicus) cattle.   Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 5(5) 426-429. 

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34) Freeman,A.R., Meghen, C.M., Machugh, D.E., Loftus, R.T., Achukwi, M.D., Bado, A., Sauveroche, B. and Bradley, D.G. (2004). Admixture and diversity in West African cattle populations. Molecular Ecology, 13(11):3477-87. 

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35) Achukwi M.D., Tanya V.N., Messine O., Njongmeta L.M. (2001) Etude comparative de l’infestation des bovins Namchi (bos taurus) et Goudali de Ngaoundere (Bos indicus) par des tiques adultes Amblyomma variegatum. Revue Elev. Med. vet. Pays trop.54 (1):37-41. 

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36) Achukwi, M.D.; Tanya, V.N.; Hill, E.W.; Bradley, D.G.; Meghen, C.; Sauveroche, B.; Banser, J.T. and Ndoki, J.N. (1997). Susceptibility of the Namchi and Kapsiki cattle of Cameroon to trypanosome infection. Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod. 29 (4): 219-226. 

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37) Wolfgang, Kraus; Ngassoum Martin B.; Yonkeu Samuel; Achukwi, M.D.; Walter C. Ulrich; Gruarun Roos; (1997). Etude des activités bactericides et fongicides des extraits de quelques plantes utilisées en médecine humane et vétérinaire locale.  Cam. J. Biol. Bioch.Sc. Vol. 7(1): 99-104. 

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38) Achukwi M.D. & Ekue N.F., (1994). Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Djallonke sheep flocks in the Vina division, Cameroon.  IBAR Bul. for Tropical Animal Health & Production, 42, 89-92. 

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39) Wahl G., Achukwi M.D., Mbah D., Dawa O. & Renz A.(1994). Bovine onchcerciasis in north Cameroon. 

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40) Stachurski F, Musonge E.N., Achukwi M D., Saliki J.T. (1993). Impact of natural infestation of Amblyomma variegatum on the liveweight gain of male Gudali cattle in Adamawa, Cameroon.  Vet. Parasitology 49: 299-311. 

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41) Awa, D.N., Ngo Tama, A.C., Njoya, Jumbo, S.D., Mefomdjo, P., 2008.  The potential role of an inactivated thermostable vaccine in the control of Newcastle disease in traditional free-roaming poultry in Central and West Africa. Tropical Animal Health and Production 41:285–290. 

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42) Awa, D.N., Ndamkou, C.N., 2006. Response of Trypanosoma  vivax and T. congolense in cattle to prophylactic treatment with  two different formulations of Isometamidium. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 76 (1-2): 90-96.

 

43) Vaessa S. de Paula, Matthias Wiele, Afegenwi H. M., Achukwi M.D., Manchang T.K, Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit. 2013. Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 strains in domestic pics, Cameroon.  Emerging infectious Diseases www.cdc.gov/eid-vol.19,N° 4, p666—668. 

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44) Claudine Sen, Henriette Ngomtcho, Judith Sophie Weber, Elisabeth Ngo Bum, Thaddeus Terlumun Gbem, Sørge Kelm and Mbunkah Daniel Achukwi. Molecular screening of tsetse flies and cattle reveal different Trypanosoma species including T. grayi and T. theileri in northern Cameroon. Parasites & vectors, 2017.  10: 631. doi:  10.1186/s13071-017-2540-7  

 

45). ACHUKWI Mbunkah Daniel, TANGWA Bernard Viban, FEKAMCHWI Henrietta Ngangyung Wachong-kum  and NGAKOU Albert. Dynamic Journal of Veterinary Science, Vol.1(2), pp.9-17, October 2016. Available online at http://www.journaldynamics.org/djvs

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46). A. MAMOUDOU, M. Marceline, F. Suh Pierre, S. Lendzele, F. Oumarou, R. Garabed, Manchang Kingsley and Achukwi Mbunkah Daniel   Tabanids (Diptera: tabanidae) fauna composition in different sites and biotopes of far-north, Cameroon. Journal of Biology and Nature 6(3): 146-154, 2016. 

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47). MAMOUDOU A., MBAKOU  L.M., NGU NGWA. V.,  SEVIDZEM  S. L., ZOLI   A.P. and  ACHUKWI M.D. Preliminary assessment of bovine trypanosomiasis and its vectors in Santa, Bali and Bafut Sub-Divisions of the, North West Region, Cameroon. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 10(1): 1-12, February 2016. 

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48). Judith Sophie Weber, Sen Claudine Henriette Ngomtcho, Stephen Saikiu Shaida, Gloria Dada Chechet, Thaddeus Terlumun Gbem, Jonathan Andrew Nok, Mohammed Mamman, Daniel Mbunkah Achukwi and Sørge Kelm. Genetic diversity of trypanosome species in tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) in Nigeria. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12(1):481. Published 2019 Oct 14. doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3718-y.

49). Archile Paguema, Babette Abandaa, Ngwafu Nancy Ngwasiri, Albert Eisenbarth, Alfons Renz, Adrian Streitc, Mbunkah Daniel Achukwi. Host specificity and phylogeny of Trichostrongylidae of domestic ruminants in the Guinea savannah of the Adamawa plateau in Cameroon. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 21 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100412.

50). Ngomtcho SCH, Weber JS, Ngo Bum E, Gbem TT, Kelm S, Achukwi MD. Molecular screening of tsetse flies and cattle reveal different Trypanosoma species including T. grayi and T. theileri in northern Cameroon. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):631. Published 2017 Dec 29. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2540-7.

51). Abanda B, Paguem A, Achukwi MD, Renz A, Eisenbarth A. Development of a Low-Density DNA Microarray for Detecting Tick-Borne Bacterial and Piroplasmid Pathogens in African Cattle. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2019;4(2):64. Published 2019 Apr 12. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed4020064.

52). Archile Paguem, Babette Abanda, Dieudonné Ndjonka, Judith Sophie Weber, Sen Claudine Henriette Ngomtcho, Kingsley Tanyi Manchang, Mamoudou Adoulmoumini, Albert Eisenbarth, Alfons Renz, Sørge Kelm, Mbunkah Daniel Achukwi: Widespread co-endemicity of Trypanosoma species infecting cattle in the Sudano-Sahelian and Guinea Savannah zones of Cameroon. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15(1):344. Published 2019 Oct 16. doi:10.1186/s12917-019-2111-6.

53). Stephen Saikiu Shaida, Judith Sophie Weber, Thaddeus Terlumun Gbem, Sen Claudine Henriette Ngomtcho, Usman Baba Musa, Mbunkah Daniel Achukwi, Mohammed Mamman, Iliya Shehu Ndams, Jonathan Andrew Nok, Soerge Kelm. Diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Glossina populations in Nigeria and the Cameroonian border region. BMC Microbiol. 2018;18(Suppl 1):180. Published 2018 Nov 23. doi:10.1186/s12866-018-1293-6.

54). Djafsia Boursou, Dieudonné Ndjonka, Albert Eisenbarth, Kingsley Manchang, Archille Paguem, Nancy Ngwafu Ngwasiri, Jacqueline Dikti Vildina, Babette Abanda, Ralf Krumkamp, Silke van Hoorn, Alfons Renz, Mbunkah Daniel Achukwi, Eva Liebau and Norbert W. Brattig. Onchocerca - infected cattle produce strong antibody responses to excretory-secretory proteins released from adult male Onchocerca ochengi worms. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):200. Published 2018 May 2. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3109-6.

55). Archile Paguem, Babette Abanda, Mbunkah Daniel Achukwi, Praveen Baskaran, Stefan Czemmel, Alfons Renz, Albert Eisenbarth. Whole genome characterization of autochthonous Bos taurus brachyceros and introduced Bos indicus indicus cattle breeds in Cameroon regarding their adaptive phenotypic traits and pathogen resistance. BMC Genet. 2020;21(1):64. Published 2020 Jun 22. doi:10.1186/s12863-020-00869-9.




 

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